Antisense nucleic acids

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides an oligomer which allows exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an antisense oligomer which allows exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising such an oligomer.

BACKGROUND ART

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited progressive myopathy with the highest incidence which occurs at a frequency of about one in 3,500 live male births. In their infancy, DMD patients show almost the same motor function as in normal humans, but they show signs of muscle weakness around the ages of 4 to 5 years. Then, their muscle weakness progresses to the loss of ambulation until the age of about 12 years and eventually leads to death in their twenties due to heart failure or respiratory failure. DMD is such a sever disease. Currently, there is no effective therapy for DMD, and hence the development of a new therapeutic agent is strongly demanded.

DMD is known to be caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. The dystrophin gene is located on the X chromosome and is a huge gene consisting of 2.2 million DNA nucleotide pairs. This DNA is transcribed into precursor mRNA and further spliced to remove introns, thereby resulting in mRNA consisting of 79 exons joined together, which is 13,993 bases in length. This mRNA is translated into 3,685 amino acids to produce a dystrophin protein. The dystrophin protein is involved in maintenance of the membrane stability of muscle cells and is required to make muscle cells less prone to breakage. DMD patients have mutations in their dystrophin gene and therefore show almost no expression of a functional dystrophin protein in their muscle cells. For this reason, in the body of DMD patients, muscle cells can no longer retain their structure and an abundance of calcium ions flows into the muscle cells. As a result, a reaction similar to inflammation will occur to promote fibrosis, so that muscle cells are difficult to regenerate.

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is also caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. As its symptom, muscle weakness is observed, but is usually milder and progresses slower than in DMD, so that BMD develops in adulthood in most cases. Differences in clinical symptoms between DMD and BMD appear to arise from whether mutations disrupt or maintain the amino acid reading frame during translation from dystrophin mRNA into a dystrophin protein (Non-patent Document 1). Namely, DMD patients show almost no expression of a functional dystrophin protein because of having mutations responsible for shifting the amino acid reading frame, whereas in BMD patients, mutations cause deletion of some exons but the amino acid reading frame is maintained, so that a functional albeit incomplete dystrophin protein is produced.

As a therapy for DMD, the exon skipping therapy is promising. This therapy involves modification of splicing to restore the amino acid reading frame in dystrophin mRNA, thereby inducing the expression of a dystrophin protein with partially recovered function (Non-patent Document 2). Amino acid sequence regions targeted by exon skipping are deleted in this therapy. For this reason, a dystrophin protein expressed in this therapy is shorter than the normal protein, but partially retains the function of stabilizing muscle cells because the amino acid reading frame is maintained. It is therefore expected that exon skipping allows DMD to present the same symptoms as seen in BMD which is milder. The exon skipping therapy is now under clinical trial in human DMD patients after animal experiments in mice and dogs.

Exon skipping can be induced by binding of antisense nucleic acids directed against either or both of the 5′ and 3′ splice sites or against exon internal sequences. An exon is included into mRNA only when its both splice sites are recognized by a spliceosome complex. Thus, exon skipping can be induced when the splice sites are targeted by antisense nucleic acids. Moreover, to induce exon recognition by the splicing machinery, SR proteins rich in serine and arginine would be required to bind to exon splicing enhancers (ESEs); and hence exon skipping can also be induced upon targeting to ESEs.

DMD patients have different mutations in their dystrophin gene, and hence various antisense nucleic acids are required depending on the position and type of gene mutation. There are some reports of an antisense nucleic acid designed to induce exon skipping of a single exon in the dystrophin gene by targeting a single continuous sequence (Patent Documents 1 to 6, as well as Non-patent Documents 1 and 2). In addition, there is a report showing that when two different antisense nucleic acids directed against the same exon in the dystrophin gene are allowed to act in admixture (double targeting), skipping activity may be enhanced as compared to when each antisense nucleic acid is used alone (Patent Document 7).

However, there has been no report showing that connected single-stranded antisense nucleic acids directed against two or more sites in the same exon (i.e., antisense nucleic acid of connected type) show skipping activity.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS Patent Documents

Patent Document 1: WO2004/048570

Patent Document 2: WO2009/139630

Patent Document 3: WO2010/048586

Patent Document 4: US2010/0168212

Patent Document 5: WO2011/057350

Patent Document 6: WO2006/000057

Patent Document 7: WO2007/135105

Non-Patent Documents

Non-patent Document 1: Annemieke Aartsma-Rus et al., (2002) Neuromuscular Disorders 12: S71-S77

Non-patent Document 2: Wilton S. D., et al., Molecular Therapy 2007: 15: p. 1288-96

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problem to be Solved by the Invention

Under such circumstances as described above, the present invention mainly aims to provide a novel antisense oligomer of connected type which is designed to induce exon skipping by targeting separate two nucleotide sequences in the same exon of the dystrophin gene, and a therapeutic agent for muscular dystrophy comprising such an oligomer.

Means to Solve the Problem

As a result of detailed studies on the technical contents described in the above documents and on the structure of the dystrophin gene, etc., the inventors of the present invention have found that oligomers directed against two separate sites in exon 45 of the human dystrophin gene are connected together and the resulting antisense oligomer can induce skipping of this exon. The inventors of the present invention have completed the present invention on the basis of this finding.

Namely, the present invention is as follows.

-   [1] An antisense oligomer of 14 to 32 bases in length comprising     connected two unit oligomers selected from the group consisting     of (a) to (e) shown below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof, wherein the two unit oligomers are not contiguous     to each other or do not overlap with each other: -   (a) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions −5     to 15 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human dystrophin     gene; -   (b) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions 48     to 70 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human dystrophin     gene; -   (c) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions     128 to 150 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human     dystrophin gene; -   (d) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions 15     to 40 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human dystrophin     gene; and -   (e) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions     110 to 125 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human     dystrophin gene. -   [2] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to [1] above, wherein one of the two unit     oligomers is (a). -   [3] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to [1] or [2] above, which consists of any     one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID     NOs: 7 to 12, 14 to 33, 40 to 52, 57, 64, 65 and 79 to 86. -   [4] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to any one of [1] to [3] above, which     consists of any one nucleotide sequence selected from the group     consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 10, 25, 30, 33, 79 and 80. -   [5] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to any one of [1] to [4] above, which is     an oligonucleotide. -   [6] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to [5] above, wherein at least one     nucleotide constituting the oligonucleotide is modified at the sugar     moiety and/or at the phosphate bond moiety. -   [7] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to [5] or [6] above, wherein the sugar     moiety of at least one nucleotide constituting the oligonucleotide     is a ribose in which the —OH group at the 2′-position is substituted     with any group selected from the group consisting of OR, R, R′OR,     SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, N₃, CN, F, Cl, Br and I (wherein R represents     alkyl or aryl, and R′ represents alkylene). -   [8] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to [6] or [7] above, wherein the phosphate     bond moiety of at least one nucleotide constituting the     oligonucleotide is any one selected from the group consisting of a     phosphorothioate bond, a phosphorothioate bond, an alkylphosphonate     bond, a phosphoroamidate bond and a boranophosphate bond. -   [9] The antisense oligomer according to any one of [1] to [4] above,     which is a morpholino oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt     or hydrate thereof. -   [10] The antisense oligomer according to [9] above, which is a     phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, or pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof. -   [11] The antisense oligomer according to [4] above, which is a     phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, or pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof. -   [12] The antisense oligomer according to any one of [9] to [11]     above, whose 5′-terminal end is any one of the groups represented by     chemical formulae (1) to (3) shown below, or pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.

-   [13] A pharmaceutical composition for treatment of muscular     dystrophy, which comprises the antisense oligomer or     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to any     one of [1] to [12] above as an active ingredient. -   [14] The pharmaceutical composition according to [13] above, which     further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. -   [15] A method for treatment of muscular dystrophy, which comprises     the step of administering a muscular dystrophy patient with the     antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate     thereof according to any one of [1] to [12] above or with the     pharmaceutical composition according to [13] or [14] above. -   [16] The method for treatment according to [15] above, wherein the     muscular dystrophy patient is a patient having a mutation to be     targeted by exon 45 skipping in the dystrophin gene. -   [17] The method for treatment according to [15] or [16] above,     wherein the patient is a human patient. -   [18] Use of the antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable     salt or hydrate thereof according to any one of [1] to [12] above in     the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of     muscular dystrophy. -   [19] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to any one of [1] to [12] above for use in     the treatment of muscular dystrophy. -   [20] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to [19] above, wherein in the treatment, a     muscular dystrophy patient has a mutation to be targeted by exon 45     skipping in the dystrophin gene. -   [21] The antisense oligomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or     hydrate thereof according to [19] or [20] above, wherein the patient     is a human patient.

EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION

The antisense oligomer of the present invention allows effective induction of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, when administered, allows effective alleviation of symptoms in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Deleted exons in patients to be targeted include exons 18-44, 44, 46, 46-47, 46-48, 46-49, 46-51, 46-53, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 12 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 13 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 14 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 15 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 16 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 17 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 18 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 19 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 20 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 21 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 22 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 23 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 24 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

FIG. 25 is a graph showing the efficiency of exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells).

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will be described in more detail below. The following embodiments are illustrated to describe the present invention, and it is not intended to limit the present invention only to these embodiments. The present invention can be implemented in various modes without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

It should be noted that all publications cited herein, including prior art documents, patent gazettes and other patent documents, are incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, this specification incorporates the contents disclosed in the specification and drawings of Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-182145 (filed on Sep. 15, 2015), based on which the present application claims priority.

1. Antisense Oligomer

The present invention provides an antisense oligomer which allows exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof (hereinafter collectively referred to as “the oligomer of the present invention”).

[Exon 45 in the Human Dystrophin Gene]

In the context of the present invention, the term “gene” is intended to include not only a genomic gene, but also cDNA, precursor mRNA, and mRNA. The gene is preferably precursor mRNA, i.e., pre-mRNA.

In the human genome, the human dystrophin gene is located at locus Xp21.2. The human dystrophin gene has a size of 3.0 Mbp and is the largest gene among known human genes. However, the coding regions in the human dystrophin gene constitute only 14 kb and are distributed over 79 exons within the dystrophin gene (Roberts, RG., et al., Genomics, 16: 536-538 (1993)). Pre-mRNA transcribed from the human dystrophin gene is spliced to generate mature mRNA of 14 kb. The nucleotide sequence of the human wild-type dystrophin gene is known (GenBank Accession No. NM 004006).

The nucleotide sequence of exon 45 in the human wild-type dystrophin gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. Moreover, in the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) of exon 45 in the human wild-type dystrophin gene, a sequence consisting of bases at positions −5 to 15 counted from the 5′-terminal end is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. Likewise, a sequence consisting of bases at positions 48 to 70, a sequence consisting of bases at positions 128 to 150, a sequence consisting of bases at positions 15 to 40 and a sequence consisting of bases at positions 110 to 125 are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 4 to 6 and 143, respectively.

The oligomer of the present invention has now been prepared to cause exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene with the aim of modifying a protein encoded by the DMD dystrophin gene into a BMD dystrophin protein. Thus, exon 45 in the dystrophin gene to be skipped by the oligomer of the present invention includes not only wild-type, but also mutated forms.

More specifically, mutated exon 45 in the human dystrophin gene or a portion thereof is a polynucleotide shown in (I) or (II) below:

-   (I) a polynucleotide hybridizable under stringent conditions with a     polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to     any nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID     NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 and     SEQ ID NO: 143; or -   (II) a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence sharing an     identity of 90% or more with any nucleotide sequence selected from     the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4,     SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 143.

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” is intended to mean DNA or RNA.

As used herein, the expression “polynucleotide hybridizable under stringent conditions” is intended to mean, for example, a polynucleotide that can be obtained by means of colony hybridization, plaque hybridization, Southern hybridization or other hybridization techniques using, as a probe, the whole or a part of a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to any nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 143. For hybridization, it is possible to use techniques as described in, e.g., “Sambrook & Russell, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual Vol. 3, Cold Spring Harbor, Laboratory Press 2001” and “Ausubel, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons 1987-1997.”

As used herein, the expression “nucleotide sequence complementary” is not limited only to a nucleotide sequence forming Watson-Crick pairs with a target nucleotide sequence and also includes nucleotide sequences forming wobble base pairs with a target nucleotide sequence. In this regard, a Watson-Crick pair is intended to mean a base pair which forms hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine, between adenine and uracil or between guanine and cytosine, whereas a wobble base pair is intended to mean a base pair which forms hydrogen bonding between guanine and uracil, between inosine and uracil, between inosine and adenine or between inosine and cytosine. Moreover, such a “nucleotide sequence complementary” does not necessarily have 100% complementarity to a target nucleotide sequence and may contain non-complementary bases (e.g., 1 to 3 bases, 1 or 2 bases, or a single base) to the target nucleotide sequence.

As used herein, the term “stringent conditions” may be any of low stringent conditions, moderately stringent conditions and high stringent conditions. “Low stringent conditions” refer to, for example, conditions of 5× SSC, 5× Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS, 50% formamide at 32° C. Likewise, “moderately stringent conditions” refer to, for example, conditions of 5× SSC, 5× Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS, 50% formamide at 42° C. or conditions of 5× SSC, 1% SDS, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 50% formamide at 42° C. “High stringent conditions” refer to, for example, conditions of 5× SSC, 5× Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS, 50% formamide at 50° C. or conditions of 0.2× SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Under these conditions, it can be expected that a polynucleotide having a higher identity is more efficiently obtained at a higher temperature. However, the stringency of hybridization would be affected by a plurality of factors, including temperature, probe concentration, probe length, ionic strength, reaction time, salt concentration and so on. Those skilled in the art would be able to achieve the same stringency by selecting these factors as appropriate.

It should be noted that if a commercially available kit is used for hybridization, an Alkphos Direct Labelling and Detection System (GE Healthcare) may be used for this purpose, by way of example. In this case, hybridization may be accomplished in accordance with the protocol included in the kit, i.e., after a membrane is incubated overnight with a labeled probe and then washed with a primary washing buffer containing 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 55° C., the hybridized polynucleotide can be detected. Alternatively, if a commercially available reagent (e.g., PCR Labeling Mix (Roche Diagnostics)) is used for digoxigenin (DIG) labeling of a probe during probe preparation based on the whole or a part of a nucleotide sequence complementary to any nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 143 or selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 143, a DIG Nucleic Acid Detection Kit (Roche Diagnostics) may be used for detection of hybridization.

In addition to those listed above, other hybridizable polynucleotides include polynucleotides sharing an identity of 90% or more, 91% or more, 92% or more, 93% or more, 94% or more, 95% or more, 96% or more, 97% or more, 98% or more, 99% or more, 99.1% or more, 99.2% or more, 99.3% or more, 99.4% or more, 99.5% or more, 99.6% or more, 99.7% or more, 99.8% or more, or 99.9% or more with a sequence consisting of any polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 143, as calculated by the homology search software BLAST using default parameters.

It should be noted that the identity of nucleotide sequences can be determined by using the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 872264-2268, 1990; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5873, 1993). Based on the algorithm of BLAST, programs called BLASTN and BLASTX have been developed (Altschul S F, et al: J Mol Biol 215: 403, 1990). If BLASTN is used for nucleotide sequence analysis, parameters may be set to, for example, score=100 and wordlength=12. If BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs are used, default parameters in each program may be used.

In a certain embodiment, the oligomer of the present invention is an antisense oligomer of 14 to 32 bases in length comprising connected two unit oligomers selected from the group consisting of (a) to (e) shown below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof:

-   (a) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions −5     to 15 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human dystrophin     gene; -   (b) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions 48     to 70 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human dystrophin     gene; -   (c) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions     128 to 150 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human     dystrophin gene; -   (d) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions 15     to 40 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human dystrophin     gene; and -   (e) a unit oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence     complementary to a nucleotide sequence consisting of contiguous 7 to     16 bases selected from a nucleotide sequence located at positions     110 to 125 from the 5′-terminal end of exon 45 in the human     dystrophin gene.

The above unit oligomers (a) to (e) (hereinafter also simply referred to as “units”) each have a size of 7 to 16 bases in length, preferably 8 to 16 bases in length, more preferably 9 to 16 bases in length. The respective units may be of the same or different size.

Moreover, when two unit oligomers are selected from the group consisting of (a) to (e), these two unit oligomers may be a combination of the same units (i.e., (a) and (a), (b) and (b), (c) and (c), (d) and (d), or (e) and (e)) or may be a combination of different units, but preferably a combination of different units. For example, if (a) is selected as one unit, the other unit is preferably any one of (b) to (e). Likewise, if (b) is selected as one unit, the other unit is preferably (a), (c), (d) or (e), while if (c) is selected as one unit, the other unit is preferably (a), (b), (d) or (e).

When two units are selected from (a) to (e), either of the selected two units may be located at the 5′-terminal side. If (a) and (b) are selected, the unit (a) is preferably connected to the 3′-terminal side. If (b) and (c) are selected, the unit (b) is preferably connected to the 3′-terminal side. If (a) and (c) are selected, the unit (a) is preferably connected to the 3′-terminal side. If (a) and (d) are selected, the unit (a) is preferably connected to the 3′-terminal side. If (a) and (e) are selected, the unit (a) is preferably connected to the 3′-terminal side.

As used here, the term “connected” is intended to mean that two units selected from (a) to (e) are directly connected to each other. Namely, when two units are connected, it means that the 3′-terminal end of the unit located at the 5′-terminal side and the 5′-terminal end of the unit located at the 3′-terminal side form a phosphate bond or any of the following groups:

(wherein X represents —OH, —CH₂R¹, —O—CH₂R¹, —S—CH₂R¹, —NR²R³ or F;

R¹ represents H or alkyl;

R² and R³, which may be the same or different, each represent H, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl;

Y₁ represents O, S, CH₂ or NR¹;

Y₂ represents O, S or NR¹; and

Z represents O or S).

The expression “allowing exon 45 skipping in the human dystrophin gene” is intended to mean that upon binding the oligomer of the present invention to a site corresponding to exon 45 in a transcript (e.g., pre-mRNA) of the human dystrophin gene, the transcript is spliced to establish connection between a base corresponding to the 3′-terminal end of exon 43 and a base corresponding to the 5′-terminal end of exon 46 in the case of DMD patients with deletion of exon 44, by way of example, to thereby form mature mRNA free from codon frameshift.

The term “binding” is used here to mean that once the oligomer of the present invention has been mixed with a transcript of the human dystrophin gene, both will be hybridized with each other under physiological conditions to form a duplex. The expression “under physiological conditions” is used here to mean conditions adjusted to mimic in vivo pH, salt composition and temperature, as exemplified by conditions of 25° C. to 40° C., preferably 37° C., pH 5 to 8, preferably pH 7.4, and a sodium chloride concentration of 150 mM.

To confirm whether or not exon 45 skipping was caused in the human dystrophin gene, the oligomer of the present invention may be transfected into dystrophin-expressing cells (e.g., human rhabdomyosarcoma cells) and a region around exon 45 in mRNA of the human dystrophin gene may be amplified by RT-PCR from the total RNA of the above dystrophin-expressing cells, followed by nested PCR or sequencing analysis on the PCR amplification product. The efficiency of skipping may be determined as follows: mRNA of the human dystrophin gene is collected from test cells and the mRNA is measured for the polynucleotide level “A” in the band with exon 45 skipping and the polynucleotide level “B” in the band without exon 45 skipping, followed by calculation based on these measured values of “A” and “B” according to the following equation.

Skipping efficiency (%)=A/(A+B)×100

The oligomer of the present invention preferably causes exon 45 skipping with an efficiency of 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more.

As to the calculation of skipping efficiency, reference may be made to WO2012/029986.

The oligomer of the present invention may be exemplified by an oligonucleotide, a morpholino oligomer or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomer, each being 14 to 32 bases in length. The oligomer of the present invention is preferably 16 to 30 bases, 17 to 30 bases, 18 to 30 bases, 19 to 30 bases, 20 to 30 bases, 20 to 29 bases, 20 to 28 bases, 20 to 27 bases, 20 to 26 bases or 21 to 26 bases in length, and is preferably a morpholino oligomer.

The above oligonucleotide (hereinafter referred to as “the oligonucleotide of the present invention”) is an oligomer according to the present invention, whose constituent unit is a nucleotide, and such a nucleotide may be any of a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide or a modified nucleotide.

A modified nucleotide refers to a ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide whose nucleobase, sugar moiety and phosphate bond moiety are all or partly modified.

Examples of a nucleobase include adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, or modified bases thereof. Such modified bases may be exemplified by pseudouracil, 3-methyluracil, dihydrouracil, 5-alkylcytosines (e.g., 5-methylcytosine), 5-alkyluracils (e.g., 5-ethyluracil), 5-halouracils (e.g., 5-bromouracil), 6-azapyrimidine, 6-alkylpyrimidines (e.g., 6-methyluracil), 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 4-acetylcyto sine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uracil, 5′-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylhypoxanthine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methylcarbonylmethyluracil, 5-methyloxyuracil, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, 2-thiocytosine, purine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 2-aminopurine, isoguanine, indole, imidazole, xanthine and so on, but are not limited thereto.

Modifications to the sugar moiety may be exemplified by modifications at the 2′-position of ribose and modifications at the other positions of sugar. Examples of modifications at the 2′-position of ribose include modifications intended to replace the —OH group at the 2′-position of ribose with OR, R, R′OR, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, N₃, CN, F, Cl, Br or I, wherein R represents alkyl or aryl, and R′ represents alkylene.

Examples of modifications at the other positions of sugar include replacement of O with S at the 4′-position of ribose or deoxyribose, and bridging between 2′- and 4′-positions of sugar, as exemplified by LNAs (locked nucleic acids) or ENAs (2′-O,4′-C-ethylene-bridged nucleic acids), but are not limited thereto.

Modifications to the phosphate bond moiety may be exemplified by modifications intended to replace the phosphodiester bond with a phosphorothioate bond, a phosphorothioate bond, an alkylphosphonate bond, a phosphoroamidate bond or a boranophosphate bond (Enya et al: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2008, 18, 9154-9160) (see, e.g., JP WO2006/129594 and JP WO2006/038608).

Alkyl is preferably a linear or branched alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. More specifically, examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl and isohexyl. Such an alkyl may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents including halogen, alkoxy, cyano, nitro, etc.

Cycloalkyl is preferably a cycloalkyl containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms. More specifically, examples include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and cyclododecyl.

Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Alkoxy may be a linear or branched alkoxy containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, as exemplified by methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, isopentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, isohexyloxy and so on. Particularly preferred is an alkoxy containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

Aryl is preferably an aryl containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms. More specifically, examples include phenyl, α-naphthyl and β-naphthyl. Particularly preferred is phenyl. Such an aryl may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents including alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, cyano, nitro, etc.

Alkylene is preferably a linear or branched alkylene containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. More specifically, examples include methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, 2-(ethyl)trimethylene and 1-(methyl)tetramethylene.

Acyl may be a linear or branched alkanoyl or an aroyl. Examples of such an alkanoyl include foiinyl, acetyl, 2-methylacetyl, 2,2-dimethylacetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, pentanoyl, 2,2-dimethylpropionyl, hexanoyl and so on. Examples of an aroyl include benzoyl, toluoyl and naphthoyl. Such an aroyl may be substituted at any substitutable position and may be substituted with alkyl(s).

The oligonucleotide of the present invention is preferably an oligomer according to the present invention, whose constituent unit is a group represented by the following general formula, in which the —OH group at the 2′-position of ribose is substituted with methoxy and the phosphate bond moiety is a phosphorothioate bond:

(wherein Base represents a nucleobase).

The oligonucleotide of the present invention may be readily synthesized with various automated synthesizers (e.g., AKTA oligopilot plus 10/100 (GE Healthcare)), or alternatively, its synthesis may be entrusted to a third party (e.g., Promega or Takara), etc.

The above morpholino oligomer is an oligomer according to the present invention, whose constituent unit is a group represented by the following general formula:

(wherein Base is the same as defined above; and

W represents a group shown by any of the following formulae:

(wherein X represents —CH₂R¹, —O—CH₂R¹, —S—CH₂R¹, —NR²R³ or F;

R¹ represents H or alkyl;

R² and R³, which may be the same or different, each represent H, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl;

Y₁ represents O, S, CH₂ or NR¹;

Y₂ represents O, S or NR¹; and

Z represents O or S)).

The morpholino oligomer is preferably an oligomer whose constituent unit is a group represented by the following formula (i.e., a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (hereinafter referred to as “PMO”)):

(wherein Base, R² and R³ are the same as defined above).

For example, the morpholino oligomer may be prepared in accordance with WO1991/009033 or WO2009/064471. In particular, PMO may be prepared in accordance with the procedures described in WO2009/064471 or may be prepared in accordance with the procedures described in WO2013/100190.

[Process for PMO Preparation]

As one embodiment of PMO, a compound represented by the following general formula (I) (hereinafter referred to as PMO (I)) may be given by way of example:

[wherein each Base, R² and R³ are the same as defined above; and

n is any integer in the range of 1 to 99, preferably any integer in the range of 13 to 31].

PMO (I) may be prepared in accordance with known procedures, for example, by conducting the operations shown in the following steps.

Compounds and reagents used in the following steps are not limited in any way as long as they are commonly used for PMO preparation.

Moreover, all the following steps may be accomplished by the liquid phase method or the solid phase method (repeating batch reactions or using a commercially available solid phase automated synthesizer). When PMO is prepared by the solid phase method, it is desirable to use an automated synthesizer in terms of simple operation and accurate synthesis.

(1) Step A:

This is a step where a compound represented by the following general formula (II) (hereinafter referred to as compound (II)) is treated with an acid to prepare a compound represented by the following general formula (III) (hereinafter referred to as compound (III)):

[wherein n, R² and R³ are the same as defined above;

each B^(p) independently represents a nucleobase which may be protected;

T represents a trityl group, a monomethoxytrityl group or a dimethoxytrityl group; and

L represents hydrogen, acyl or a group represented by the following general formula (IV) (hereinafter referred to as group (IV))]:

“Nucleobases” possible for B^(p) may be exemplified by the same “nucleobases” as listed for Base, provided that amino groups or hydroxyl groups in these nucleobases for B^(p) may be protected.

Protecting groups for these amino groups are not limited in any way as long as they are used as protecting groups for nucleic acids. More specifically, examples include benzoyl, 4-methoxybenzoyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, phenylacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, 4-tert-butylphenoxyacetyl, 4-isopropylphenoxyacetyl, and (dimethylamino)methylene. Protecting groups for hydroxyl groups include, for example, 2-cyanoethyl, 4-nitrophenethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, trimethylsilylethyl, phenyl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 electron withdrawing groups at any substitutable position(s), diphenylcarbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyl, diethylcarbamoyl, methylphenylcarbamoyl, 1-pyrrolidinylcarbamoyl, morpholinocarbamoyl, 4-(tert-butylcarboxy)benzyl, 4-[(dimethylamino)carboxy]benzyl, and 4-(phenylcarboxy)benzyl (see, e.g., WO2009/064471).

The “solid carrier” is not limited in any way as long as it is a carrier available for use in the solid phase reaction of nucleic acids, but it is desirable to use, for example, a carrier which (i) is sparingly soluble in reagents available for use in the synthesis of morpholino nucleic acid derivatives (e.g., dichloromethane, acetonitrile, tetrazole, N-methylimidazole, pyridine, acetic anhydride, lutidine, trifluoroacetic acid), (ii) is chemically stable against the reagents available for use in the synthesis of morpholino nucleic acid derivatives, (iii) can be chemically modified, (iv) can be loaded with desired morpholino nucleic acid derivatives, (v) has strength sufficient to withstand high pressure during processing, and (vi) has a certain range of particle size and distribution. More specifically, examples include swellable polystyrene (e.g., aminomethyl polystyrene resin crosslinked with 1% divinylbenzene (200 to 400 mesh) (2.4 to 3.0 mmol/g) (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Japan), Aminomethylated Polystyrene Resin HCl [divinylbenzene 1%, 100 to 200 mesh] (Peptide Institute, Inc., Japan)), non-swellable polystyrene (e.g., Primer Support (GE Healthcare)), PEG chain-attached polystyrenes (e.g., NH₂-PEG resin (Watanabe Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan), TentaGel resin), controlled pore glass (CPG) (e.g., CPG Inc.), oxalylated controlled pore glass (see, e.g., Alul et al., Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 19, 1527 (1991)), TentaGel support-aminopolyethylene glycol-derivatized support (see, e.g., Wright et al., Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 34, 3373 (1993)), and a Poros-polystyrene/divinylbenzene copolymer.

As a “linker,” it is possible to use a known linker which is commonly used to link a nucleic acid or a morpholino nucleic acid derivative, and examples include 3-aminopropyl, succinyl, 2,2′-diethanol sulfonyl, and a long-chain alkylamino (LCAA).

This step may be accomplished by treating compound (II) with an acid.

Examples of an “acid” available for use in this step include trifluoroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid or trichloroacetic acid. The amount of an acid to be used is, for example, reasonably in the range of 0.1 molar equivalents to 1000 molar equivalents, preferably in the range of 1 molar equivalent to 100 molar equivalents, relative to 1 mole of compound (II).

Moreover, it is possible to use an organic amine together with the above acid. Any organic amine may be used for this purpose, and examples include triethylamine. The amount of an organic amine to be used is, for example, reasonably in the range of 0.01 molar equivalents to 10 molar equivalents, preferably in the range of 0.1 molar equivalents to 2 molar equivalents, relative to 1 mole of the acid.

In a case where an acid and an organic amine are used as a salt or mixture in this step, examples include a salt or mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and triethylamine, more specifically a mixture containing 2 equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid and 1 equivalent of triethylamine.

An acid available for use in this step may be used by being diluted with an appropriate solvent to give a concentration in the range of 0.1% to 30%. Any solvent may be used for this purpose as long as it is inert to the reaction, and examples include dichloromethane, acetonitrile, alcohols (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol, trifluoroethanol), water, or mixtures thereof.

The reaction temperature in the above reaction is, for example, preferably in the range of 10° C. to 50° C., more preferably in the range of 20° C. to 40° C., and even more preferably in the range of 25° C. to 35° C.

The reaction time will vary depending on the type of acid to be used and/or the reaction temperature, but it is generally reasonably in the range of 0.1 minutes to 24 hours, and preferably in the range of 1 minute to 5 hours.

Moreover, after completion of this step, a base may optionally be added to neutralize the acid remaining in the system. Any “base” may be used for this purpose and examples include diisopropylethylamine. Such a base may be used by being diluted with an appropriate solvent to give a concentration in the range of 0.1% (v/v) to 30% (v/v).

Any solvent may be used in this step as long as it is inert to the reaction, and examples include dichloromethane, acetonitrile, alcohols (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol, trifluoroethanol), water, or mixtures thereof. The reaction temperature is, for example, preferably in the range of 10° C. to 50° C., more preferably in the range of 20° C. to 40° C., and even more preferably in the range of 25° C. to 35° C.

The reaction time will vary depending on the type of base to be used and/or the reaction temperature, but it is generally reasonably in the range of 0.1 minutes to 24 hours, and preferably in the range of 1 minute to 5 hours.

It should be noted that compound (II) in which n=1 and L is group (IV), i.e., a compound represented by the following general formula (IIa) (hereinafter referred to as compound (IIa)) may be prepared in accordance with the following procedures:

[wherein B^(p), T, Linker and Solid carrier are the same as defined above].

Step 1:

This is a step where a compound represented by the following general formula (V) is treated with an acylating agent to prepare a compound represented by the following general formula (VI) (hereinafter referred to as compound (VI)):

[wherein B^(p), T and Linker are the same as defined above; and

R⁴ represents a hydroxyl group, halogen or amino].

This step may be accomplished starting from compound (V) by any known reaction for linker introduction.

In particular, a compound represented by the following general formula (VIa) may be prepared by any process known as esterification reaction with the use of compound (V) and succinic anhydride:

[wherein B^(p) and T are the same as defined above].

Step 2:

This is a step where compound (VI) is reacted with a solid carrier by being treated with a condensing agent or the like to prepare compound (IIa):

[wherein B^(p), R⁴, T, Linker and Solid carrier are the same as defined above].

This step may be accomplished by any process known as condensation reaction with the use of compound (VI) and a solid carrier.

Compound (II) in which n 32 2 to 99 and L is group (IV), i.e., a compound represented by the following general formula (IIa2) may be prepared starting from compound (IIa) by repeating desired times Steps A and B of the process for PMO preparation disclosed herein:

[wherein B^(p), R², R³, T, Linker and Solid carrier are the same as defined above; and n′ represents 1 to 98].

Likewise, compound (II) in which n=1 and L is hydrogen, i.e., a compound represented by the following general formula (Ilb) may be prepared, for example, by the procedures described in WO1991/009033:

[wherein B^(p) and T are the same as defined above].

Compound (II) in which n=2 to 99 and L is hydrogen, i.e., a compound represented by the following general formula (IIb2) may be prepared starting from compound (IIb) by repeating desired times Steps A and B of the process for PMO preparation disclosed herein:

[wherein B^(p), n′, R², R³ and T are the same as defined above].

Likewise, compound (II) in which n=1 and L is acyl, i.e., a compound represented by the following general formula (IIc) may be prepared from compound (IIb) by any process known as acylation reaction:

[wherein B^(p) and T are the same as defined above; and R⁵ represents acyl].

Compound (II) in which n=2 to 99 and L is acyl, i.e., a compound represented by the following general formula (IIc2) may be prepared starting from compound (IIc) by repeating desired times Steps A and B of the process for PMO preparation disclosed herein:

[wherein B^(p), n′, R², R³, R⁵ and T are the same as defined above].

(2) Step B:

This is a step where compound (III) is treated with a morpholino monomer compound in the presence of a base to prepare a compound represented by the following general formula (VII) (hereinafter referred to as compound (VII)):

[wherein each B^(p), L, n, R², R³ and T are the same as defined above].

This step may be accomplished by treating compound (III) with a morpholino monomer compound in the presence of a base.

Such a morpholino monomer compound may be exemplified by a compound represented by the following general formula (VIII):

[wherein B^(p), R², R³ and T are the same as defined above].

Examples of a “base” available for use in this step include diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or N-ethylmorpholine. The amount of a base to be used is, for example, reasonably in the range of 1 molar equivalent to 1000 molar equivalents, preferably in the range of 10 molar equivalents to 100 molar equivalents, relative to 1 mole of compound (III).

Such a morpholino monomer compound and a base available for use in this step may be used by being diluted with an appropriate solvent to give a concentration of 0.1% to 30%. Any solvent may be used for this purpose as long as it is inert to the reaction, and examples include N,N-dimethylimidazolidinone, N-methylpiperidone, DMF, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or mixtures thereof.

The reaction temperature is, for example, preferably in the range of 0° C. to 100° C., and more preferably in the range of 10° C. to 50° C.

The reaction time will vary depending on the type of base to be used and/or the reaction temperature, but it is generally reasonably in the range of 1 minute to 48 hours, and preferably in the range of 30 minutes to 24 hours.

Moreover, after completion of this step, an acylating agent may optionally be added. Examples of an “acylating agent” include acetic anhydride, acetyl chloride and phenoxyacetic anhydride. Such an acylating agent may be used by being diluted with an appropriate solvent to give a concentration in the range of 0.1% to 30%, by way of example. Any solvent may be used for this purpose as long as it is inert to the reaction, and examples include dichloromethane, acetonitrile, alcohols (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol, trifluoroethanol), water, or mixtures thereof.

If necessary, it is possible to use a base (e.g., pyridine, lutidine, collidine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-ethylmorpholine) together with an acylating agent. The amount of an acylating agent to be used is preferably in the range of 0.1 molar equivalents to 10000 molar equivalents, and more preferably in the range of 1 molar equivalent to 1000 molar equivalents. The amount of a base to be used is, for example, reasonably in the range of 0.1 molar equivalents to 100 molar equivalents, preferably in the range of 1 molar equivalent to 10 molar equivalents, relative to 1 mole of an acylating agent.

The reaction temperature in this reaction is preferably in the range of 10° C. to 50° C., more preferably in the range of 10° C. to 50° C., even more preferably in the range of 20° C. to 40° C., and still even more preferably in the range of 25° C. to 35° C. The reaction time will vary, e.g., depending on the type of acylating agent to be used and/or the reaction temperature, but it is generally reasonably in the range of 0.1 minutes to 24 hours, and preferably in the range of 1 minute to 5 hours.

(3) Step C:

This is a step where a deprotecting agent is used to remove the protecting groups from compound (VII) prepared in Step B, thereby preparing a compound represented by general formula (IX):

[wherein Base, B^(p), L, n, R², R³ and T are the same as defined above].

This step may be accomplished by treating compound (VII) with a deprotecting agent.

Examples of a “deprotecting agent” include concentrated aqueous ammonia and methylamine. Such a “deprotecting agent” available for use in this step may be used by being diluted with water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, DMF, N,N-dimethylimidazolidinone, N-methylpiperidone, or a mixed solvent thereof. Among them, preferred is ethanol. The amount of a deprotecting agent to be used is, for example, reasonably in the range of 1 molar equivalent to 100000 molar equivalents, preferably in the range of 10 molar equivalents to 1000 molar equivalents, relative to 1 mole of compound (VII), by way of example.

The reaction temperature is, for example, reasonably in the range of 15° C. to 75° C., preferably in the range of 40° C. to 70° C., and more preferably in the range of 50° C. to 60° C. The reaction time for deprotection will vary depending on the type of compound (VII) and/or the reaction temperature, etc., but it is reasonably in the range of 10 minutes to 30 hours, preferably in the range of 30 minutes to 24 hours, and more preferably in the range of 5 hours to 20 hours.

(4) Step D:

This is a step where compound (IX) prepared in Step C is treated with an acid to prepare PMO (I):

[wherein Base, n, R², R³ and T are the same as defined above].

This step may be accomplished by adding an acid to compound (IX).

Examples of an “acid” available for use in this step include trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid, etc. As to the amount of an acid to be used, it is reasonable to use the acid in an amount to give a solution pH, for example, in the range of 0.1 to 4.0, more preferably in the range of 1.0 to 3.0. Any solvent may be used in this step as long as it is inert to the reaction, and examples include acetonitrile, water, or mixed solvents thereof.

The reaction temperature is preferably in the range of 10° C. to 50° C., more preferably in the range of 20° C. to 40° C., and even more preferably in the range of 25° C. to 35° C. The reaction time for deprotection will vary depending on the type of compound (IX) and/or the reaction temperature, etc., but it is reasonably in the range of 0.1 minutes to 5 hours, preferably in the range of 1 minute to 1 hour, and more preferably in the range of 1 minute to 30 minutes.

PMO (I) may be obtained from the reaction mixture obtained in this step by commonly used separation and purification means including extraction, concentration, neutralization, filtration, centrifugation, recrystallization, C₈ to C₁₈ reversed-phase column chromatography, cation exchange column chromatography, anion exchange column chromatography, gel filtration column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, dialysis, ultrafiltration and other means, which may be used either alone or in combination, whereby desired PMO (I) can be isolated and purified (see, e.g., WO1991/09033).

In the case of using reversed-phase chromatography for purification of PMO (I), a mixed solution of 20 mM triethylamine/acetate buffer and acetonitrile may be used as an elution solvent, by way of example.

Likewise, in the case of using ion exchange chromatography for purification of PMO (I), a mixed solution of 1 M aqueous sodium chloride and 10 mM aqueous sodium hydroxide may be used, by way of example.

The above peptide nucleic acid oligomer is an oligomer according to the present invention, whose constituent unit is a group represented by the following general formula:

(wherein Base is the same as defined above).

Peptide nucleic acids may be prepared, for example, in accordance with the documents listed below.

-   1) P. E. Nielsen, M. Egholm, R. H. Berg, O. Buchardt, Science, 254,     1497 (1991) -   2) M. Egholm, O. Buchardt, P. E. Nielsen, R. H. Berg, Jacs., 114,     1895 (1992) -   3) K. L. Dueholm, M. Egholm, C. Behrens, L. Christensen, H. F.     Hansen, T. Vulpius, K. H. Petersen, R. H. Berg, P. E. Nielsen, 0.     Buchardt, J. Org. Chem., 59, 5767 (1994) -   4) L. Christensen, R. Fitzpatrick, B. Gildea, K. H. Petersen, H. F.     Hansen, T. Koch, M. Egholm, O. Buchardt, P. E. Nielsen, J.     Coull, R. H. Berg, J. Pept. Sci., 1, 175 (1995) -   5) T. Koch, H. F. Hansen, P. Andersen, T. Larsen, H. G. Batz, K.     Otteson, H. Orum, J. Pept. Res., 49, 80 (1997)

Moreover, the oligomer of the present invention may be configured such that its 5′-terminal end is any one of the groups represented by chemical formulae (1) to (3) shown below, with (3) —OH being preferred.

The groups represented by the above formulae (1), (2) and (3) are hereinafter referred to as “group (1),” “group (2)” and “group (3),” respectively.

2. Pharmaceutical Composition

The oligomer of the present invention allows exon 45 skipping in the dystrophin gene. It is therefore expected that the symptoms of muscular dystrophy can be alleviated when a pharmaceutical composition comprising the oligomer of the present invention is administered to DMD patients having a mutation targeted by exon 45 skipping (i.e., a mutation is converted to in-flame by exon 45 skipping) in their dystrophin gene. Moreover, because of its short chain length, the oligomer of the present invention is advantageous in that its preparation steps are simple and further in that its preparation costs can be reduced.

Thus, in another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of muscular dystrophy, which comprises the oligomer of the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof as an active ingredient (hereinafter referred to as “the composition of the present invention”).

Examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the oligomer of the present invention contained in the composition of the present invention include alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium salt, potassium salt, lithium salt); alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium salt, magnesium salt); metal salts (e.g., aluminum salt, iron salt, zinc salt, copper salt, nickel salt, cobalt salt); ammonium salt; organic amine salts (e.g., t-octylamine salt, dibenzylamine salt, morpholine salt, glucosamine salt, phenylglycine alkyl ester salt, ethylenediamine salt, N-methylglucamine salt, guanidine salt, diethylamine salt, triethylamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt, chloroprocaine salt, procaine salt, diethanolamine salt, N-benzyl-phenethylamine salt, piperazine salt, tetramethylammonium salt, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane salt); halogenated hydroacid salts (e.g., hydrofluoride salt, hydrochloride salt, hydrobromide salt, hydroiodide salt); inorganic acid salts (i.e., nitrate salt, perchlorate salt, sulfate salt, phosphate salt); lower alkanesulfonic acid salts (e.g., methanesulfonate salt, trifluoromethanesulfonate salt, ethanesulfonate salt); arylsulfonic acid salts (e.g., benzenesulfonate salt, p-toluenesulfonate salt); organic acid salts (e.g., acetate salt, malate salt, fumarate salt, succinate salt, citrate salt, tartrate salt, oxalate salt, maleate salt); amino acid salts (e.g., glycine salt, lysine salt, arginine salt, ornithine salt, glutamate salt, aspartate salt), etc. These salts may be prepared in any known manner. Alternatively, the oligomer of the present invention contained in the composition of the present invention may be in the form of a hydrate thereof.

The composition of the present invention may be administered in any pharmaceutically acceptable mode, which may be selected as appropriate for the intended therapeutic method. However, in terms of easy delivery to muscle tissue, preferred are intravenous administration, intraarterial administration, intramuscular administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, interstitial administration, percutaneous administration and so on. Moreover, the composition of the present invention may be in any dosage form, and examples include various types of injections, oral formulations, drops, inhalants, ointments, lotions, etc.

In a case where the oligomer of the present invention is administered to muscular dystrophy patients, the composition of the present invention preferably comprises a carrier which promotes the delivery of the oligomer to muscle tissue. Such a carrier is not limited in any way as long as it is pharmaceutically acceptable, and examples include cationic, carriers (e.g., cationic liposomes, cationic polymers) or viral envelope-based carriers. Examples of cationic liposomes include liposomes formed from 2-O-(2-diethylaminoethyl)carbamoyl-1,3-O-dioleoyl glycerol and a phospholipid as essential constituent members (hereinafter referred to as “liposome A”), Oligofectamine® (Invitrogen), Lipofectin® (Invitrogen), Lipofectamine® (Invitrogen), Lipofectamine 2000® (Invitrogen), DMRIE-C® (Invitrogen), GeneSilencer® (Gene Therapy Systems), TransMessenger® (QIAGEN), TransIT TKO® (Minis) and Nucleofector II (Lonza). Among them, preferred is liposome A. Examples of cationic polymers include JetSI® (Qbiogene) and Jet-PEI® (polyethyleneimine, Qbiogene). Examples of viral envelope-based carriers include GenomeOne® (HVJ-E liposomes, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Japan). Alternatively, it is also possible to use the pharmaceutical device shown in Japanese Patent No. 2924179 or the cationic carriers shown in JP WO2006/129594 and JP WO2008/096690.

The concentration of the oligomer of the present invention contained in the composition of the present invention will vary, e.g., depending on the type of carrier, but it is reasonably in the range of 0.1 nM to 100 μM, preferably in the range of 1 nM to 10 μM, and more preferably in the range of 10 nM to 1 μM. Likewise, the weight ratio of the carrier to the oligomer of the present invention contained in the composition of the present invention (i.e., the carrier/oligomer ratio) will vary, e.g., depending on the properties of the oligomer and the type of the carrier, but it is reasonably in the range of 0.1 to 100, preferably in the range of 1 to 50, and more preferably in the range of 10 to 20.

The composition of the present invention may optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable additive, in addition to the oligomer of the present invention and the carrier described above. Examples of such an additive include an emulsifier aid (e.g., a fatty acid containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, albumin, dextran), a stabilizing agent (e.g., cholesterol, phosphatidic acid), an isotonizing agent (e.g., sodium chloride, glucose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose), and a pH adjuster (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, triethanolamine). These additives may be used either alone or in combination. The content of the additive(s) in the composition of the present invention is reasonably 90% by weight or less, preferably 70% by weight or less, and more preferably 50% by weight or less.

The composition of the present invention may be prepared by adding the oligomer of the present invention to a dispersion of a carrier, followed by adequate stirring. An additive(s) may be added at any appropriate stage, either before or after adding the oligomer of the present invention. Any aqueous solvent may be used for adding the oligomer of the present invention as long as it is pharmaceutically acceptable, and examples include injectable water, injectable distilled water, electrolytic solutions (e.g., physiological saline), and sugar solutions (e.g., glucose solution, maltose solution). Moreover, in this case, conditions including pH and temperature may be selected as appropriate by those skilled in the art.

The composition of the present invention may be formulated into a solution or a lyophilized formulation thereof, by way of example. Such a lyophilized formulation may be prepared in a standard manner by freeze-drying the composition of the present invention in a solution form. For example, the composition of the present invention in a solution form may be sterilized as appropriate and then dispensed in given amounts into vial bottles, followed by preliminary freezing under conditions of about −40° C. to −20° C. for about 2 hours, primary drying at about 0° C. to 10° C. under reduced pressure and then secondary drying at about 15° C. to 25° C. under reduced pressure. Moreover, in most cases, the vials may be purged with a nitrogen gas and then capped, thereby giving a lyophilized formulation of the composition of the present invention.

Such a lyophilized formulation of the composition of the present invention may generally be used after being reconstituted by addition of any appropriate solution (i.e., a reconstituting solution). Examples of such a reconstituting solution include injectable water, physiological saline, and other commonly used infusion solutions. The volume of such a reconstituting solution will vary, e.g., depending on the intended use and is not limited in any way, but it is reasonably 0.5- to 2-fold greater than the solution volume before freeze-drying, or 500 mL or less.

The dose for administration of the composition of the present invention is desirably adjusted in consideration of the type of the oligomer of the present invention contained therein, the intended dosage form, the condition of a patient such as age and body weight, the route of administration, and the nature and severity of a disease. However, the daily dose for adults is generally in the range of 0.1 mg to 10 g/human, preferably in the range of 1 mg to 1 g/human, calculated as the amount of the oligomer of the present invention. This numerical range may vary depending on the type of disease to be targeted, the mode of administration, and/or the type of target molecule. Thus, a dose lower than this range may be sufficient in some cases, or conversely, a dose higher than this range should be required in some cases. Moreover, the composition of the present invention may be administered once to several times a day or at intervals of one to several days.

In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention may be a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector capable of expressing the oligonucleotide of the present invention and a carrier as described above. Such an expression vector may be capable of expressing a plurality of oligonucleotides according to the present invention. Such a composition may optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable additive, as in the case of the composition of the present invention comprising the oligomer of the present invention. The concentration of the expression vector contained in this composition will vary, e.g., depending on the type of carrier, but it is reasonably in the range of 0.1 nM to 100 μM, preferably in the range of 1 nM to 10 μM, and more preferably in the range of 10 nM to 1 μM. The weight ratio of the carrier to the expression vector contained in this composition (i.e., the carrier/expression vector ratio) will vary, e.g., depending on the properties of the expression vector and the type of the carrier, but it is reasonably in the range of 0.1 to 100, preferably in the range of 1 to 50, and more preferably in the range of 10 to 20. Moreover, the content of the carrier contained in this composition is the same as in the case of the composition of the present invention comprising the oligomer of the present invention, and procedures for preparation are also the same as in the case of the composition of the present invention.

The present invention will be further described in more detail below by way of the following illustrative examples and test examples, although the present invention is not limited thereto.

EXAMPLES Reference Example 1 4-[(2S,6R)-6-(4-Benzamido-2-oxopyrimidin-2-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin

Step 1: Preparation of 4-{[(2S,6R)-6-(4-benzamido-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid

Under an argon atmosphere, N-{1-[(2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]benzamide (3.44 g) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4-DMAP) (1.1 g) were suspended in dichloromethane (50 mL), and succinic anhydride (0.90 g) was then added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction solution was mixed with methanol (10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and 0.5 M aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The resulting organic layer was washed sequentially with 0.5 M aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate, water and saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The resulting organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 4.0 g of the desired product.

Step 2: Preparation of 4-{[(2S,6R)-6-(4-benzamido-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin

4-{[(2S,6R)-6-(4-Benzamido-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxyl -4-oxobutanoic acid (4.0 g) was dissolved in pyridine (dehydrated) (200 mL), followed by addition of 4-DMAP (0.73 g) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (11.5 g). Then, aminopolystyrene resin Primer support 200 amino (GE Healthcare Japan, 17-5214-97) (25.0 g) and triethylamine (8.5 mL) were added to this mixture, followed by shaking at room temperature for 4 days. After the reaction, the resin was collected by filtration. The resulting resin was washed sequentially with pyridine, methanol and dichloromethane, and then dried under reduced pressure. To the resulting resin, tetrahydrofuran (dehydrated) (200 mL), acetic anhydride (15 mL) and 2,6-lutidine (15 mL) were added, followed by shaking at room temperature for 2 hours. The resin was collected by filtration, washed sequentially with pyridine, methanol and dichloromethane, and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain 26.7 g of the desired product.

To determine the loading amount of the desired product, the molar amount of trityl per gram of the resin was measured in a known manner as UV absorbance at 409 nm. The loading amount on the resin was found to be 129.2 μmol/g.

-   -   Conditions for UV measurement     -   Instrument: U-2910 (Hitachi, Ltd., Japan)     -   Solvent: methanesulfonic acid     -   Wavelength: 409 nm     -   ε value: 45000

Reference Example 2 4-{[(2S ,6R)-6-(5-Methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxyl -4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin

The same procedures as shown in Reference Example 1 were repeated to prepare the titled compound, except that N-{1-[(2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl} benzamide used in Step 1 of Reference Example 1 was replaced in this step with 1-[(2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.

To determine the loading amount of the desired product, the molar amount of trityl per gram of the resin was measured in a known manner as UV absorbance at 409 nm. The loading amount on the resin was found to be 164.0 μmol/g.

Reference Example 3 4-{[(2S,6R)-6-(6-Benzamidopurin-9-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin

The same procedures as shown in Reference Example 1 were repeated to prepare the titled compound, except that N-{1-[(2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl} benzamide used in Step 1 of Reference Example 1 was replaced in this step with N-{9-[(2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]purin-6-yl} benzamide.

To determine the loading amount of the desired product, the molar amount of trityl per gram of the resin was measured in a known manner as UV absorbance at 409 nm. The loading amount on the resin was found to be 185.7 μmol/g.

Reference Example 4 4-{{(2S,6R)-6-{6-(2-Cyanoethoxy)-2-[(2-phenoxyacetyl)amino]purin-9-yl}-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl}methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin

The same procedures as shown in Reference Example 1 were repeated to prepare the titled compound, except that N-{1-[(2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl}benzamide used in Step 1 of Reference Example 1 was replaced in this step with N-{6-(2-cyanoethoxy)-9-[(2R,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]purin-2-yl}-2-phenoxyacetamide.

To determine the loading amount of the desired product, the molar amount of trityl per gram of the resin was measured in a known manner as UV absorbance at 409 nm. The loading amount on the resin was found to be 164.8 μmol/g.

In accordance with the descriptions in Example 1 shown below, PMOs having the nucleotide sequences of PMO Nos. 1 to 81 indicated in Table 1 were synthesized (wherein R² and R³ are each methyl, and the 5′-terminal end is group (3)). The thus synthesized PMOs were each dissolved in water for injection (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Japan).

Table 1-1 PMO SEQ ID No. Nucleotide sequence Sequence name NO:  1 TTGCCGCTGCCCACATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_18-30 14  2 GTTTGCCGCTGCCTCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-11_20-32 7  3 GCCGCTGCCCACATCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-13_18-28 15  4 CCGCTGCCCAATGTCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-11_15-27 16  5 TTGCCGCTGCCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-11_18-30 17  6 TTTGCCGCTGCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-13_21-31 18  7 TTTGCCGCTGCCTCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-11_20-31 19  8 TGCCGCTGCCCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15_19-29 20  9 GTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-10_21-32 8 10 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-13_20-34 9 11 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-8_19-34 10 12 GTTTGCCGCTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-12_20-32 21 13 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-8_21-34 22 14 ACAGTTTGCCGCTCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-9_23-35 23 15 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-7_20-34 24 16 GTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-8_19-32 25 17 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCGGAGTTCCTG H45_-3-7_20-34 26 18 CCGCTGCCCAATGTGGAGTTCCTGT H45_-4-8_15-27 27 19 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-8_19-34 28 20 CCGCTGCCCAATCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-9_16-27 29 21 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-8_19-34 30 22 TTGCCGCTGCCCACTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-9_18-30 31 23 TTGCCGCTGCCCACTGGAGTTCCTGT H45_-4-9_18-30 32 24 ACAGTTTGCCGCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-10_25-35 33 25 GTTTGCCGCTGC H45_21-32 34 26 CCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-10 35 27 TGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-8 36 28 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCC H45_19-34 37 29 TCTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTT H45_2-14_53-65 38 30 AGACCTCCTGCCACCATCCTGGAGTT H45_2-14_136-148 39 31 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15_52-66 11 32 CAGACCTCCTGCCACGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15_135-149 12 33 GACCTCCTGCCACCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-14_136-147 40 Table 1-2 34 TCCCCAGTTGCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15_52-62 41 35 GACCTCCTGCCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15_137-147 42 36 CTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-14_53-64 43 37 TTCCCCAGTTGCACATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_51-63 44 38 CCTCCTGCCACCGCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_133-145 45 39 ACCTCCTGCCACCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_134-146 46 40 TTTCTTCCCCAGTCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_55-67 47 41 GCAGACCTCCTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_138-150 48 42 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_52-66 49 43 CCCCAGTTGCATCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-9_50-61 50 44 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGCCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-10_52-66 51 45 CTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-13_52-64 52 46 CAGACCTCCTGCCACTCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-11_135-149 53 47 TGCAGACCTCCTGCCTCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-11_137-151 54 48 CTGTTTGCAGACCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_144-156 55 49 TTTGCAGACCTCCTGGAGTTCCTGTA H45_-5-8_141-153 56 50 CCTGCCACCGCAGATGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15_128-142 57 51 ACCTCCTGCCACCGCTTGCCGCTGCCCAAT H45_16-30_132-146 58 52 TCCTGTAGAATACCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_98-110 59 53 CTCCTGCCACCGCTGGCATCTGTTTT H45_85-97_132-144 60 54 ACCTCCTGCCACCGCTCTTCCCCAGTTGCA H45_51-65_132-146 61 55 TGGCATCTGTTTTCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-13_85-97 62 56 TTATTTCTTCCCCAGTTCCTGTAAGA H45_-8-5_58-70 63 57 GCTTCCCAATGCCATCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-15_114-123 64 58 GGCTTCCCAATGCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15_114-124 65 59 TTTCTGTCTGACAGCTCCTGCCACCGCAGA H45_129-143_156-170 66 60 TCCTGCCACCGCAGAGAGGATTGCTGAATT H45_69-83_129-143 67 61 TCCTGCCACCGCAGACTGGCATCTGTTTTT H45_84-98_129-143 68 62 TCCTGCCACCGCAGATTTTCCTGTAGAATA H45_99-113_129-143 69 63 GCCATCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-15 70 64 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGC H45_52-66 71 65 CAGACCTCCTGCCAC H45_135-149 72 66 TCCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-11 73 67 GTTTGCCGCTGCC H45_20-32 74 68 CTCCTGCCACCGCGCCGCTGCCCAAT H45_16-28_132-144 75 Table 1-3 69 ATTCAGGCTTCCCTTCCCCAGTTGCA H45_51-63_117-129 76 70 TGGAGTTCC H45_-1-8 77 71 TGGAGTTC H45_1-8 78 72 CAGTTTGCCGCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-10_25-34 79 73 ACAGTTTGCCGCTGGAGTTCCT H45_-2-9_25-35 80 74 GTTTGCCGCTGCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-8_20-32 81 75 AACAGTTTGCCCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-10_26-36 82 76 CAGTTTGCCGCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-10_25-34 83 77 CAGTTTGCCGCTCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-11_24-34 84 78 AGTTTGCCGCTCCTGGAGTTC H45_1-11_24-33 85 79 ACAGTTTGCCGCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-9_25-35 86 80 TGCCGCTGCCCATCCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-11_18-29 87 81 CTGCCACCGCAGCCGCTGCCCAATGC H45_14-27_130-141 88 82 CCTGGAGTTCC H45_-1-10 144 83 CAGTTTGCCG H45_25-34 145 84 ACAGTTTGCCG H45_25-35 146

Example 1

4-{[(2S,6R)-6-(4-Benzamido-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin (Reference Example 1) or 4-[(2S,6R)-6-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxyl -4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin (Reference Example 2) or 4-{[(2S,6R)-6-(6-benzamidopurin-9-yl)-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl]methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin (Reference Example 3) or 4-{{(2S,6R)-6-{6-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-[(2-phenoxyacetyl)amino]purin-9-yl}-4-tritylmorpholin-2-yl}methoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid loaded on aminopolystyrene resin (Reference Example 4), each corresponding to the 5′-terminal base, was filled in an amount of 0.2 g into a column equipped with a filter to initiate the following synthesis cycles using a nucleic acid synthesizer (AKTA Oligopilot 10 plus). To give the nucleotide sequence of each compound indicated in Table 1, a desired morpholino monomer compound was added in each coupling cycle (see Table 2 below).

TABLE 2 Volume Time Step Reagent (mL) (min) 1 Deblocking solution 18 to 32 1.8 to 3.2 2 Neutralizing/washing solution 30 1.5 3 Coupling solution B 5 0.5 4 Coupling solution A 1.3  0.25 5 Coupling reaction with the reagents 120 to 300 charged in Steps 3 and 4 6 Acetonitrile 20 1.0 7 Capping solution 9 2.0 8 Acetonitrile 30 2.0 (Note) Only in the case of 3′-terminal acetylation, Steps 1, 2, 7 and 8 were repeated again after the final cycle.

It should be noted that the deblocking solution used was a dichloromethane solution containing 3% (w/v) trifluoroacetic acid. The neutralizing/washing solution used was prepared by dissolving N,N-diisopropylethylamine at 10% (v/v) and tetrahydrofuran at 5% (v/v) in a dichloromethane solution containing 35% (v/v) acetonitrile. The coupling solution A used was prepared by dissolving a morpholino monomer compound at 0.10 M in tetrahydrofuran. The coupling solution B used was prepared by dissolving N,N-diisopropylethylamine at 20% (v/v) and tetrahydrofuran at 10% (v/v) in acetonitrile. The capping solution used was prepared by dissolving acetic anhydride at 20% (v/v) and 2,6-lutidine at 30% (v/v) in acetonitrile.

The aminopolystyrene resin loaded with PMO synthesized as above was collected from the reaction vessel and dried at room temperature for 2 hours or longer under reduced pressure. The dried PMO loaded on the aminopolystyrene resin was charged into a reaction vessel and 5 mL of 28% aqueous ammonia-ethanol (1/4) was added thereto, followed by stirring at 55° C. for 15 hours. The aminopolystyrene resin was separated by filtration and washed with 1 mL of water-ethanol (1/4). The resulting filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was dissolved in 10 mL of a mixed solvent containing 20 mM acetic acid-triethylamine buffer (TEAA buffer) and acetonitrile (4/1), and then filtered through a membrane filter. The resulting filtrate was purified by reversed-phase HPLC. The conditions used are as indicated in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Column XBridge 5 μm C18 (Waters, ϕ19 × 50 mm, 1 CV = 14 mL) Flow rate 10 mL/minute Column temperature room temperature Solution A 20 mM TEAA buffer Solution B CH₃CN Gradient (B) conc. 10% → 70%/15 CV CV: column volume

The fractions were each analyzed to collect the desired product, which was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated residue was diluted with 2 M aqueous phosphoric acid (0.5 mL) and stirred for 15 minutes. Further, the residue was made alkaline with 2 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL) and filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 μm).

The resulting aqueous solution containing the desired product was purified through an anion exchange resin column. The conditions used are as indicated in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Column Source 15Q (GE Healthcare, ϕ10 × 108 mm, 1 CV = 8.5 mL) Flow rate 8.5 mL/min Column temperature room temperature Solution A 10 mM aqueous sodium hydroxide Solution B 10 mM aqueous sodium hydroxide, 1M aqueous sodium chloride Gradient (B) conc. 1% → 50%/40 CV

The fractions were each analyzed (by HPLC) to obtain the desired product as an aqueous solution. The resulting aqueous solution was neutralized with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and then desalted by reversed-phase HPLC under the conditions indicated in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Column XBridge 5 μm C8 (Waters, ϕ10 × 50 mm, 1 CV = 4 mL) Flow rate 4 mL/minute Column temperature 60° C. Solution A water Solution B CH₃CN Gradient (B) conc. 0% → 50%/20 CV

The desired product was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was dissolved in water and freeze-dried to obtain the desired compound as a white flocculent solid. The calculated and measured values of ESI-TOF-MS are shown in Table 6.

Table 6-1 Calculated Measured PMO No. Nucleotide sequence value value   1 TTGCCGCTGCCCACATCCTGGAGTTC 8520.95 8520.65  2 GTTTGCCGCTGCCTCCTGGAGTTCCT 8542.94 8542.57  3 GCCGCTGCCCACATCCTGGAGTTCCT 8505.95 8506.57  4 CCGCTGCCCAATGTCCTGGAGTTCCT 8520.95 8521.37  5 TTGCCGCTGCCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT 8511.94 8511.70  6 TTTGCCGCTGCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT 8526.94 8527.07  7 TTTGCCGCTGCCTCCTGGAGTTCC 7857.71 7857.32  8 TGCCGCTGCCCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8521.95 8521.98  9 GTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCCT 7897.72 7897.71 10 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT 9851.40 9851.60 11 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCCT 8551.95 8551.80 12 GTTTGCCGCTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8236.84 8236.69 13 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCTGGAGTTCCT 7921.73 7921.91 14 ACAGTTTGCCGCTCTGGAGTTCCT 7905.73 7905.53 15 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCGGAGTTCCT 7906.73 7906.65 16 GTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCC 7567.61 7567.35 17 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCGGAGTTCCTG 8261.85 8261.67 18 CCGCTGCCCAATGTGGAGTTCCTGT 8245.85 8245.68 19 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTC 7906.73 7906.70 20 CCGCTGCCCAATCTGGAGTTCCT 7520.61 7520.60 21 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCCTGGAGTTCC 8221.84 8221.48 22 TTGCCGCTGCCCACTGGAGTTCCT 7866.72 7866.77 23 TTGCCGCTGCCCACTGGAGTTCCTGT 8551.95 8552.23 24 ACAGTTTGCCGCCTGGAGTTCC 7245.51 7245.48 25 GTTTGCCGCTGC 3912.36 3912.16 26 CCTGGAGTTCCT 3896.36 3896.12 27 TGGAGTTCCT 3266.14 3265.99 28 CAGTTTGCCGCTGCCC 5196.81 5196.30 29 TCTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTT 8510.93 8511.8 30 AGACCTCCTGCCACCATCCTGGAGTT 8513.95 8513.72 31 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 9826.39 9826.15 32 CAGACCTCCTGCCACGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 9814.41 9813.82 33 GACCTCCTGCCACCATCCTGGAGTTC 8489.95 8490.01 Table 6-2 34 TCCCCAGTTGCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8520.95 8520.97 35 GACCTCCTGCCGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8505.95 8506.48 36 CTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8495.94 8495.43 37 TTCCCCAGTTGCACATCCTGGAGTTC 8519.95 8520.35 38 CCTCCTGCCACCGCATCCTGGAGTTC 8465.94 8466.23 39 ACCTCCTGCCACCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8449.94 8449.88 40 TTTCTTCCCCAGTCATCCTGGAGTTC 8485.93 8486.01 41 GCAGACCTCCTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8529.96 8529.54 42 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 9156.16 9156.62 43 CCCCAGTTGCATCTGGAGTTCCT 7535.61 7535.92 44 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGCCCTGGAGTTCC 8486.93 8486.27 45 CTTCCCCAGTTGCCATCCTGGAGTTCCT 9141.16 9141.18 46 CAGACCTCCTGCCACTCCTGGAGTTC 8489.95 8489.65 47 TGCAGACCTCCTGCCTCCTGGAGTTC 8520.95 8520.58 48 CTGTTTGCAGACCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8559.96 8560.66 49 TTTGCAGACCTCCTGGAGTTCCTGTA 8574.96 8574.85 50 CCTGCCACCGCAGATGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 9854.42 9854.07 51 ACCTCCTGCCACCGCTTGCCGCTGCCCAAT 9750.39 9750.67 52 TCCTGTAGAATACCATCCTGGAGTTC 8567.97 8567.11 53 CTCCTGCCACCGCTGGCATCTGTTTT 8486.93 8486.39 54 ACCTCCTGCCACCGCTCTTCCCCAGTTGCA 9725.38 9725.57 55 TGGCATCTGTTTTCATCCTGGAGTTC 8580.95 8580.81 56 TTATTTCTTCCCCAGTTCCTGTAAGA 8508.94 8508.7 57 GCTTCCCAATGCCATCCTGGAGTTCC 8504.95 8504.88 58 GGCTTCCCAATGCCATCCTGGAGTTC 8544.96 8544.72 59 TTTCTGTCTGACAGCTCCTGCCACCGCAGA 9844.41 9844.1 60 TCCTGCCACCGCAGAGAGGATTGCTGAATT 9957.45 9957.8 61 TCCTGCCACCGCAGACTGGCATCTGTTTTT 9850.4 9850.45 62 TCCTGCCACCGCAGATTTTCCTGTAGAATA 9867.42 9867.85 63 GCCATCCTGGAGTTC 4905.71 4905.02 64 TTCTTCCCCAGTTGC 4831.68 4831.14 65 CAGACCTCCTGCCAC 4819.7 4819.64 66 TCCTGGAGTTCCT 4226.47 4226.03 67 GTTTGCCGCTGCC 4227.47 4227.48 68 CTCCTGCCACCGCGCCGCTGCCCAAT 8435.93 8436.58 Table 6-3 69 ATTCAGGCTTCCCTTCCCCAGTTGCA 8479.93 8479.03 70 TGGAGTTCC 2936.03 2936.07 71 TGGAGTTC 2620.92 2620.97 72 CAGTTTGCCGCCTGGAGTTCC 6906.39 6906.44 73 ACAGTTTGCCGCTGGAGTTCCT 7260.51 7260.67 74 GTTTGCCGCTGCCTGGAGTTCC 7252.5 7252.48 75 AACAGTTTGCCCCTGGAGTTCC 7229.51 7229.07 76 CAGTTTGCCGCCTGGAGTTC 6591.28 6591.07 77 CAGTTTGCCGCTCCTGGAGTTC 7236.5 7236.76 78 AGTTTGCCGCTCCTGGAGTTC 6921.39 6921.06 79 ACAGTTTGCCGCTGGAGTTCC 6930.4 6930.42 80 TGCCGCTGCCCATCCTGGAGTTCC 7851.72 7852.1 81 CTGCCACCGCAGCCGCTGCCCAATGC 8484.96 8484.68 82 CCTGGAGTTCC 3566.25 3566.51 83 CAGTTTGCCG 3251.14 3251.19 84 ACAGTTTGCCG 3590.26 3590.04

Test Example 1 In Vitro Assay

Into 3.5×10⁵ RD cells (human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line), the antisense oligomers shown in Table 1 were each transfected at 1 to 10 μM through Nucleofector II (Lonza) using an Amaxa Cell Line Nucleofector Kit L. The program used was T-030.

After transfection, the cells were cultured for three nights at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ conditions in 2 mL of Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) (SIGMA; the same applies hereinafter) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Invitrogen).

After the cells were washed once with PBS (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan; the same applies hereinafter), 350 μL of Buffer RLT (QIAGEN) containing 1% 2-mercaptoethanol (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Japan) was added to the cells, and the cells were lysed by being allowed to stand at room temperature for a few minutes. The cell lysate was collected into a QlAshredder homogenizer (QIAGEN) and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 2 minutes to prepare a homogenate. The total RNA was extracted in accordance with the protocol attached to an RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN). The concentration of the extracted total RNA was measured with a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (LMS Co., Ltd., Japan).

One-Step RT-PCR was performed on 400 ng of the extracted total RNA using a QIAGEN OneStep RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN). A reaction solution was prepared in accordance with the protocol attached to the kit. The thermal cycler used was PTC-100 (MJ Research) or TaKaRa PCR Thermal Cycler Dice Touch (Takara Bio Inc., Japan). The RT-PCR program used is as shown below.

50° C. for 30 minutes: reverse transcription reaction

95° C. for 15 minutes: polymerase activation, reverse transcriptase inactivation, cDNA thermal denaturation

[94° C. for 30 seconds; 60° C. for 30 seconds; 72 ° C. for 1 minute]×35 cycles:

PCR Amplification

72° C. for 10 minutes: final elongation reaction

The nucleotide sequences of the forward and reverse primers used for RT-PCR are as shown below.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′-GCTCAGGTCGGATTGACATT-3′ Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′-GGGCAACTCTTCCACCAGTA-3′

The above PCR reaction product (1 μL) was analyzed using a Bioanalyzer (Agilent) and a MultiNA system (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan).

The polynucleotide level “A” in the band with exon 45 skipping and the polynucleotide level “B” in the band without exon 45 skipping were measured. Based on these measured values of “A” and “B,” the skipping efficiency was determined according to the following equation.

Skipping efficiency (%)=A/(A+B)×100

Experimental Results

The results obtained are shown in FIGS. 1 to 5, 8, 10, 11 and 16 to 24. This experiment indicated that the oligomer of the present invention effectively caused exon 45 skipping.

Test Example 2 In Vitro Assay

The same procedures as shown in Test Example 1 were repeated to conduct this experiment, except that 3.5×10⁵ RD cells (human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line) were transfected with the oligomer of the present invention alone (PMO No. 11 or PMO No. 9) or with either of the two unit oligomers constituting the oligomer of the present invention or with a mixture thereof at a concentration of 3 μM through Nucleofector II (Lonza) using an Amaxa Cell Line Nucleofector Kit L. The program used was T-030. Combinations of the sequences transfected are as shown below.

TABLE 7 Combinations of the sequences transfected Transfection Sequence combination concentration (μM) PMO No. 11 3 μM (PMO No. 27 and PMO No. 28 connected together) PMO No. 27 3 μM PMO No. 28 3 μM PMO No. 27 and PMO No. 28 3 μM each PMO No. 9 3 μM (PMO No. 25 and PMO No. 26 connected together) PMO No. 25 3 μM PMO No. 26 3 μM PMO No. 25 and PMO No. 26 3 μM each PMO No. 72 3 μM (PMO No. 82 and PMO No. 83 connected together) PMO No. 82 3 μM PMO No. 83 3 μM PMO No. 82 and PMO No. 83 3 μM each

Experimental Results

The results obtained are shown in FIGS. 6 and 25. This experiment indicated that the oligomer of the present invention, i.e., PMO No. 11 (SEQ ID NO: 10), PMO No. 9 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or PMO No. 72 (SEQ ID NO: 79), each being consisting of connected two antisense oligomers targeting different sites in exon 45, caused exon 45 skipping with higher efficiency when compared to the respective antisense oligomers constituting each oligomer (i.e., PMO No. 27 (SEQ ID NO: 36), PMO No. 28 (SEQ ID NO: 37), PMO No. 25 (SEQ ID NO: 34), PMO No. 26 (SEQ ID NO: 35), PMO No. 82 (SEQ ID NO: 144) or PMO No. 83 (SEQ ID NO: 145)) or a mixture thereof (i.e., PMO No. 27 and PMO No. 28, PMO No. 25 and PMO No. 26, or PMO No. 82 and PMO No. 83).

Test Example 3 In Vitro Assay

This experiment was conducted by using the antisense oligomers in 2′-O-methoxy-phosphorothioate form (2′-OMe-S-RNA) shown in SEQ ID NOs: 89 to 141, 11 and 12. These various antisense oligomers used for assay were purchased from Japan Bio Services Co., Ltd. The sequences of these various antisense oligomers are shown below.

TABLE 8-1 Sequence name Nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: H45_1-15_48-62 UCCCCAGUUGCAUUCGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC  89 H45_1-15_56-70 UUAUUUCUUCCCCAGGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC  90 H45_1-15_131-145 CCUCCUGCCACCGCAGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC  91 H45_-2-13_131-145 CCUCCUGCCACCGCACAUCCUGGAGUUCCU  92 H45_-2-13_135-149 CAGACCUCCUGCCACCAUCCUGGAGUUCCU  93 H45_-2-13_48-62 UCCCCAGUUGCAUUCCAUCCUGGAGUUCCU  94 H45_-2-13_52-66 UUCUUCCCCAGUUGCCAUCCUGGAGUUCCU  95 H45_-2-13_56-70 UUAUUUCUUCCCCAGCAUCCUGGAGUUCCU  96 H45_-2-13_18-32 GUUUGCCGCUGCCCACAUCCUGGAGUUCCU  97 H45_-2-13_139-153 UUUGCAGACCUCCUGCAUCCUGGAGUUCCU  98 H45_1-17_135-147 GACCUCCUGCCACAUGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC  99 H45_1-17_52-64 CUUCCCCAGUUGCAUGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 100 H45_1-15_139-153 UUUGCAGACCUCCUGGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 101 H45_-2-13_99-113 UUUUCCUGUAGAAUACAUCCUGGAGUUCCU 102 H45_53-67_132-146 ACCUCCUGCCACCGCUUUCUUCCCCAGUUG 103 H45_16-30_99-113 UUUUCCUGUAGAAUAUUGCCGCUGCCCAAU 104 H45_1-15_153-167 CUGUCUGACAGCUGUGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 105 H45_1-15_67-81 GGAUUGCUGAAUUAUGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 106 H45_1-15_99-113 UUUUCCUGUAGAAUAGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 107 H45_1-13_46-58 CAGUUGCAUUCAACAUCCUGGAGUUC 108 H45_1-13_54-66 UUCUUCCCCAGUUCAUCCUGGAGUUC 109 H45_1-13_62-74 UGAAUUAUUUCUUCAUCCUGGAGUUC 110 H45_6-18_46-58 CAGUUGCAUUCAAAAUGCCAUCCUGG 111 H45_6-18_54-66 UUCUUCCCCAGUUAAUGCCAUCCUGG 112 H45_6-18_62-74 UGAAUUAUUUCUUAAUGCCAUCCUGG 113 H45_1-13_121-133 GCAGAUUCAGGCUCAUCCUGGAGUUC 114 H45_1-13_129-141 CUGCCACCGCAGACAUCCUGGAGUUC 115 H45_1-13_137-149 CAGACCUCCUGCCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 116 H45_6-18_121-133 GCAGAUUCAGGCUAAUGCCAUCCUGG 117 H45_6-18_129-141 CUGCCACCGCAGAAAUGCCAUCCUGG 118 H45_6-18_137-149 CAGACCUCCUGCCAAUGCCAUCCUGG 142 H45_16-28_116-128 UUCAGGCUUCCCAGCCGCUGCCCAAU 119 H45_16-28_124-136 ACCGCAGAUUCAGGCCGCUGCCCAAU 120

TABLE 8-2 H45_16-28_132-144 CUCCUGCCACCGCGCCGCUGCCCAAU 121 H45_26-38_116-128 UUCAGGCUUCCCAACAACAGUUUGCC 122 H45_26-38_124-136 ACCGCAGAUUCAGACAACAGUUUGCC 123 H45_26-38_132-144 CUCCUGCCACCGCACAACAGUUUGCC 124 H45_51-63_110-122 CUUCCCAAUUUUUUUCCCCAGUUGCA 125 H45_51-63_117-129 AUUCAGGCUUCCCUUCCCCAGUUGCA 126 H45_51-63_124-136 ACCGCAGAUUCAGUUCCCCAGUUGCA 127 H45_60-72_110-122 CUUCCCAAUUUUUAAUUAUUUCUUCC 128 H45_60-72_117-129 AUUCAGGCUUCCCAAUUAUUUCUUCC 129 H45_60-72_124-136 ACCGCAGAUUCAGAAUUAUUUCUUCC 130 H45_68-80_110-122 CUUCCCAAUUUUUGAUUGCUGAAUUA 131 H45_68-80_117-129 AUUCAGGCUUCCCGAUUGCUGAAUUA 132 H45_68-80_124-136 ACCGCAGAUUCAGGAUUGCUGAAUUA 133 H45_-10-5_52-66 UUCUUCCCCAGUUGCAGUUCCUGUAAGAUA 134 H45_-10-5_135-149 CAGACCUCCUGCCACAGUUCCUGUAAGAUA 135 H45_69-83_95-109 CCUGUAGAAUACUGGGAGGAUUGCUGAAUU 136 H45_16-30_84-98 CUGGCAUCUGUUUUUUUGCCGCUGCCCAAU 137 H45_16-30_53-67 UUUCUUCCCCAGUUGUUGCCGCUGCCCAAU 138 H45_1-15_84-98 CUGGCAUCUGUUUUUGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 139 H45_84-98_132-146 ACCUCCUGCCACCGCCUGGCAUCUGUUUUU 140 H45_53-67_99-113 UUUUCCUGUAGAAUAUUUCUUCCCCAGUUG 141 H45_1-15_52-66 UUCUUCCCCAGUUGCGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 11 H45_1-15_135-149 CAGACCUCCUGCCACGCCAUCCUGGAGUUC 12

In 24-well plates, 5×10⁴ RD cells (human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line) were seeded per well and cultured overnight at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ conditions in 0.5 mL of Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) (SIGMA; the same applies hereinafter) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) (Invitrogen). The above various antisense oligomers for exon 45 skipping (Japan Bio Services Co., Ltd., Japan) (1 μM or 300 nM) were formed into conjugates with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen), and each conjugate was added to the RD cells, which had been replaced in 0.45 mL fresh medium, in a volume of 50 μL per well to give a final concentration of 100 nM or 30 nM.

After addition, the cells were cultured overnight. After the cells were washed once with PBS (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan; the same applies hereinafter), 350 μL of Buffer RLT (QIAGEN) containing 1% 2-mercaptoethanol (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Japan) was added to the cells, and the cells were lysed by being allowed to stand at room temperature for a few minutes. The cell lysate was collected into a QlAshredder homogenizer (QIAGEN) and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 2 minutes to prepare a homogenate. The total RNA was extracted in accordance with the protocol attached to an RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN). The concentration of the extracted total RNA was measured with a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (LMS Co., Ltd., Japan).

One-Step RT-PCR was performed on 400 ng of the extracted total RNA using a QIAGEN OneStep RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN). A reaction solution was prepared in accordance with the protocol attached to the kit. The thermal cycler used was PTC-100 (MJ Research) or TaKaRa PCR Thermal Cycler Dice Touch (Takara Bio Inc., Japan). The RT-PCR program used is as shown below.

50° C. for 30 minutes: reverse transcription reaction

95° C. for 15 minutes: polymerase activation, reverse transcriptase inactivation, cDNA thermal denaturation

[94° C. for 30 seconds; 60° C. for 30 seconds; 72 ° C. for 1 minute]×35 cycles: PCR amplification

72° C. for 10 minutes: final elongation reaction

The nucleotide sequences of the forward and reverse primers used for RT-PCR are as shown below.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′-GCTCAGGTCGGATTGACATT-3′ Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′-GGGCAACTCTTCCACCAGTA-3′

The above PCR reaction product (1 μL) was analyzed by a Bioanalyzer (Agilent) and a MultiNA system (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan).

The polynucleotide level “A” in the band with exon 45 skipping and the polynucleotide level “B” in the band without exon 45 skipping were measured. Based on these measured values of “A” and “B,” the skipping efficiency was determined according to the following equation.

Skipping efficiency (%)=A/(A+B)×100

Experimental Results

The results obtained are shown in FIGS. 7 and 12 to 15. This experiment indicated that the antisense oligomer of the present invention effectively caused exon 45 skipping.

Test Example 4 In Vitro Assay

The same procedures as shown in Test Example 1 were repeated to conduct this experiment, except that 3.5×10⁵ RD cells (human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line) were transfected with the oligomer of the present invention alone (PMO No. 2, PMO No. 31 or PMO No. 32) or with either of the two unit oligomers constituting the oligomer of the present invention at a concentration of 3 μM or 10 μM through Nucleofector II (Lonza) using an Amaxa Cell Line Nucleofector Kit L. The program used was T-030. Combinations of the sequences transfected are as shown below.

TABLE 9 Transfection Sequence concentration PMO No. 2 3 μM or 10 μM (PMO No. 66 and PMO No. 67 connected together) PMO No. 66 3 μM or 10 μM PMO No. 67 3 μM or 10 μM PMO No. 31 3 μM or 10 μM (PMO No. 63 and PMO No. 64 connected together) PMO No. 63 3 μM or 10 μM PMO No. 64 3 μM or 10 μM PMO No. 32 3 μM or 10 μM (PMO No. 63 and PMO No. 65 connected together) PMO No. 65 3 μM or 10 μM

Experimental Results

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 9. This experiment indicated that the oligomer of the present invention, i.e., PMO No. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 7), PMO No. 31 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and PMO No. 32 (SEQ ID NO: 12), each being consisting of connected two antisense nucleic acids targeting different sites in exon 45, caused exon 45 skipping with higher efficiency when compared to the respective antisense nucleic acids constituting each oligomer (i.e., PMO No. 66, PMO No. 63, PMO No. 64 or PMO No. 65).

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As can be seen from the experimental results shown in the test examples, the oligomer of the present invention consisting of short oligomers connected together was found to cause exon 45 skipping in RD cells. Thus, the oligomer of the present invention is very useful in the treatment of DMD. 

1-21. (canceled)
 22. An antisense oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 25, 30, 33, 79, and 80, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein the antisense oligomer is a morpholino oligomer, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or an oligonucleotide comprising at least one nucleotide having: (i) a modified sugar moiety, wherein the 2′-OH group of a ribose is replaced by any one selected from the group consisting of R, R′OR, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, N₃, CN, F, Cl, Br and I (wherein R is an alkyl or an aryl and R′ is an alkylene), or (ii) a modified phosphate-binding region selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate bond, a phosphorothioate bond, an alkylphosphonate bond, a phosphoramidate bond, and a boranophosphate bond.
 23. The antisense oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to claim 22, wherein the antisense oligomer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 25. 24. The antisense oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to claim 22, wherein the antisense oligomer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 30. 25. The antisense oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to claim 22, wherein the antisense oligomer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 33. 26. The antisense oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to claim 22, wherein the antisense oligomer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 79. 27. The antisense oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to claim 22, wherein the antisense oligomer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 80. 28. The antisense oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to claim 22, which is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
 29. The antisense oligomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof according to claim 22, wherein the antisense oligomer is a morpholino oligomer or phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, and wherein the 5′-terminal end of the antisense oligomer is any one of the groups represented by chemical formulae (1) to (3) shown below, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof,


30. A pharmaceutical composition for treatment of muscular dystrophy, which comprises an antisense oligomer consisting of any one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 25, 30, 33, 79, and 80, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof as an active ingredient.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 30, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 32. A method for treating muscular dystrophy, comprising the step of administering a muscular dystrophy patient with an antisense oligomer consisting of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 25, 30, 33, 79, and 80, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
 33. The method for treating muscular dystrophy according to claim 32, wherein the muscular dystrophy patient has a mutation to be targeted by exon 45 skipping in the dystrophin gene.
 34. The method for treating muscular dystrophy according to claim 32, wherein the muscular dystrophy patient is a human patient.
 35. A method for treating muscular dystrophy, comprising the step of administering a muscular dystrophy patient with the pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 30. 36. The method for treating muscular dystrophy according to claim 35, wherein the muscular dystrophy patient has a mutation to be targeted by exon 45 skipping in the dystrophin gene.
 37. The method for treating muscular dystrophy according to claim 35, wherein the muscular dystrophy patient is a human patient.
 38. A method for treating muscular dystrophy, comprising the step of administering a muscular dystrophy patient with the pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 31. 39. The method for treating muscular dystrophy according to claim 38, wherein the muscular dystrophy patient has a mutation to be targeted by exon 45 skipping in the dystrophin gene.
 40. The method for treating muscular dystrophy according to claim 38, wherein the muscular dystrophy patient is a human patient. 